"Pink films" (Pinku eiga) is the term used in Japan to refer to films that contain nudity and sexuality. The term “pink film” can be applied to films of all genres—including drama, action, thriller, horror, and others—that contain nudity and sexuality. These films became popular in the mid-1960s and dominated Japanese domestic cinema until the mid-1980s. Similar to cinema in other countries, pink films featuring nudity and sexuality were largely the product of small, independent studios in the 1960s that sought to achieve major box office success on a low budget. Around 1970, major studios also began producing Pink Films. Nikkatsu began focusing almost exclusively on erotic content and achieved success. The Pink Film market underwent a transformation when Toei, another major film production company, began producing films known as “Pinky Violence.” With the entry of major production companies, Pink Films became much more sophisticated. Some pink films achieved significant box office success during this period. In the 1980s, the development of VHS and the emergence of adult videos largely drove audiences away from pink films.