A shot taken from a character’s point of view that shows how the scene appears through their eyes. It is typically paired with a reaction shot and is used to establish the character’s perspective.

Production Assistant (Gofer, Runner)

The tempo or pace of a film’s dramatic action. Pacing can be enhanced through the speed of dialogue, the soundtrack, and the editing style used.

The pace or rhythm of the development of a theme in a film, or of the dialogue (DIALOG) or movement in a specific scene (SCENE). Establishing timing (TIMING) in the script in advance allows for the identification of issues related to pace and rhythm and enables their resolution before shooting. See TIMING.

Bringing together the key elements—such as the screenwriter, director, actors, and producer—that make a project marketable. Some managers and agents specialize in this field. They put together a package consisting of their own clients to secure the highest possible management fee from a project.

1) The movement of the camera as it rotates from side to side around its vertical axis. See TILT. 2) A scathing review (such-and-such film was panned in the TRADES.)

A technique used in widescreen films to avoid letterboxing. Instead, it focuses on elements of the frame that are more relevant to the subject and is adjusted accordingly. The image then shifts to the side to mechanically show what is missing.

The part attached to the tripod that allows the camera to pan (horizontal rotation) or tilt (vertical rotation).

A bluish-green or yellowish-brown glass filter typically used by the director or cinematographer. Looking through this filter allows one to see how the lighting or colors of a scene will appear on film.

A device developed by PANAVISION consisting of a glass disk 60 sm in diameter that rotates rapidly in front of the lens to act as a rain shield.

A device developed by PANAVISION to enable a camera operator to shoot steady footage while holding the camera by hand. See STEADICAM.

A brand of camera system. It is a widescreen system that uses 35 mm film and an anamorphic lens (ANAMORPHIC LENS). Panavision 70 (Super Panavision) uses 65 mm negative film and anamorphic lenses. This negative is printed onto 70 mm positives. Magnetic sound tracks are placed in the remaining 5 mm space.

It uses uncompressed 65 mm negative film. Copies are printed on 70 mm film. The 5 mm difference is used for stereophonic magnetic sound tracks (STEREOPHONIC SOUND), which are placed in the areas outside the perforations (PERFORATIONS), alongside the optical sound track (OPTICAL SOUND TRACK). While 35 mm film has 4 sprocket holes per frame, this film has 5 sprocket holes per frame.

Panchromatic

Table, Electrical Panel

A thin roll of tape used to splice the ends of a film during editing; it is called paper tape and is distinct from cut tape. (It should not be used for raw stock.)

A statement, proposition, or situation that appears illogical, absurd, or contradictory may, upon closer examination, be logical or true—or at least contain an element of truth.

Parallax

Practical, Stage, Elevation

Simultaneous Event

A technique involving shifting back and forth between two simultaneous stories or scenes.

In a screenplay, a term shown in parentheses is used to indicate how an actor should deliver their lines. It may be written in parentheses as "(angry)" or "(calm)."

The exact Latin equivalent is “equal development side by side.” It is used to describe the relationship between a film’s investors and profit partners and the payment of their investments and profit shares. Let’s assume that two investors are “pari passu.” Each has invested $100,000, but the first agreed to a 10% interest rate and the second to a 12% interest rate. One year later, there is $100,000 available for distribution. The calculation for the investor who agreed to 10% is as follows: $110,000 ($100,000 + $10,000) / $222,000 (total investment and interest) × $100,000 (amount to be distributed) = $49,549.55.

Transition Plan

A contract clause that guarantees the employer will pay the employee’s wages regardless of whether services are rendered. This type of guarantee typically applies to high-profile figures in the industry (stars, directors, writers).

A test shot of unpainted and uninked animation cells used to check whether the movements are smooth and accurate.

Per diem

Perforations. The holes in a section of film.

Holes punched at equal and regular intervals along both edges of the film strip, with four holes per 35 mm frame. The continuous and intermittent movement of the film strip through machines—such as cameras, projectors, and printing machines—is achieved by various gears and pins engaging with these perforations. There are two different types: negative and positive. The short edges of the negative perforation are shaped like the arcs of a circle and are specified for films used in cameras. The sprockets and counter-sprockets in cameras are designed to fill these holes completely, ensuring that the film moves a consistent length through the window and remains perfectly still during exposure. Positive perforation, on the other hand, is a rectangle with rounded corners and is designed to minimize damage to the film during its numerous passes through projectors. Whether the perforations on a strip are labeled “negative” or “positive” does not determine whether the strip itself is negative or positive, as any type of film can be produced with any type of perforation to serve various purposes. 16 mm films are produced with perforations on both edges or on a single edge, depending on their intended use.

An actor who speaks, dances, or sings in a production. Extras (EXTRAS, WALK-ONS) do not fall under this definition. See: FEATURED PLAYER, SUPPORTING PLAYER.

Abbreviation for "perquisite." Fringe benefit. A benefit or privilege in addition to salary. In the film industry, there are various incentives designed to encourage a person to accept a job or to encourage an employee to remain on the job: a car, reimbursement of expenses, or the distribution of costumes from the film, for example.

Even after an object being viewed has disappeared, its image persists in the human eye for a short time. As a result of this phenomenon, projecting still images at a rate of 16 or more frames per second (FPS) creates the illusion of motion.

The sense of three-dimensionality created on a two-dimensional surface.

Abbreviation for “Parental Guidance.” See RATING. PG-13

STUNT PERFORMER

A photography floodlight is a high-powered screw-in bulb typically used with a clamp-on lamp fixture. Photography floodlights typically range from 250 to 500 watts.

A tungsten incandescent bulb that emits intense light.

This device, which resembles a light meter (exposure meter), is specifically designed to measure brightness.

2) A studio’s (STUDIO) decision to produce a project. 3) A broadcast network’s (NETWORK) decision to turn a pilot episode (PILOT) into a series or to continue an already-airing series. 4) Reshooting a portion of a previously filmed take to rephrase certain lines or make minor changes to the scene. This is called a “PRINT AND PICK UP.”

To distinguish it from a master print, "workprint,"

Camera Truck

See: Dupe Negative.

Negative

A film reel that carries the positive image (IMAGE) but lacks a sound track (SOUND TRACK).

Print Negative

Any prop appearing on screen in a film.

This is a heavy, round disk mounted on a stand that holds a light in place; it is essentially a light shade.

Pilot Film

Contrgrif

The 60 Hz reference signal used to properly transfer magnesium to the film stock is used in Sync Sound shoots. (In Europe, it is 50 Hz.)

Pillow Shot

A term referring to a film project; it denotes a film currently in development within the system and scheduled for future release. Synonyms include “in production,” “in the pipeline,” or “in the works.”

The distance from the bottom edge of one perforation on a film strip to the bottom edge of the next perforation. In negatives intended for standard use in a camera, this shorter distance is called “short pitch.” In positive film used in projectors, this distance is longer and is referred to as “long pitch.” All types of 35 mm film are produced with both long and short pitches.

Abbreviation for "Picture" used in the leader.

This is a technique in which the illusion of continuous motion—typically in three-dimensional subjects such as people—is disrupted, causing the image to appear irregular or jerky. This effect is achieved solely by printing selected frames from a continuous negative.

This is the leader placed at the beginning and end of a print. Since it is made of plastic, it is more durable than an emulsion leader and much cheaper, making it a better option for a print. However, a cement splice cannot be made with it, so it should not be used for negatives.

It is a concept in which the philosopher reflects on the nature of the relationship between belief and knowledge.

"This scene will play."

1) A book that is generally divided into acts and scenes, contains dialogue and brief scene descriptions, and serves as the basis for a theatrical performance. 2) A theatrical performance in which actors perform in front of an audience.

Pre-recorded music or a song played during the filming of a musical scene.

Topic

A turning point in the plot of a screenplay (SCREENPLAY).

Production Office Coordinator

A percentage share of the net or gross profit from a film or television project. Points are typically included as part of the director’s contract, and sometimes—depending on their influence—as part of the writer’s or actor’s contract. If a star (STAR) can negotiate this term, the points are generally calculated based on gross profit rather than net profit.

A shot that creates the effect of seeing through an actor’s eyes.

See also: Filter, Depolarizer.

Lamp Base

A light revision of a screenplay. According to Writers Guild of America rules, this work is compensated separately. If the polish is too extensive, it becomes a revision.

It is a highly durable type of film that is practically tear-resistant.

The pioneering CINERAMA system. Abel Gance invented this three-screen projection system for his 1927 film *Napoleon*.

Positive

It is the opposite of a print. It refers to the original light image captured on or printed onto film.

A sequence that occurs after an epilogue or credits, typically describing or showing an additional scene. It can help generate interest in an additional scene. Iron Man ends with a post-credits scene in which Nick Fury informs Tony Stark about the Avengers Initiative.

Post-Production

Dubbing

It is a term that describes all art that rejects modernist themes. Postmodern films aim to subvert expectations regarding classical narratives and film structure.

See Dial.

Functional, Usable

It refers to the period between 1930 and 1934, before the Hays Code was implemented in Hollywood in 1934. For the next 30 years, themes such as immorality, adultery, and other similar subjects were banned. However, pre-Code films were released without such restrictions.

The first step in preparing a composite audio track. Multiple audio tracks are combined onto a single track to simplify the final mix.

Pre-Production

To record the music before filming begins.

A screening of a film before its public release. Studios typically hold preview screenings to gather feedback from audiences before the film’s official release.

A film made after an original film but depicting events that took place before those in the original film. “The Godfather Part II,” made after “The Godfather,” is a good example of this.

Extra time added at the beginning of an audio recording to accommodate the slow lock-up time of some production time-code devices.

See: Publicist.

A tour organized by the Public Relations Department to bring together a large number of members of the press for interviews with actors, the director, and the producer at the filming location. When the film is released, the director and actors are sent to the venue where the screening takes place to promote the film. Since this is a costly approach, it is typically used for big-budget films that require extensive promotion.

Press Kit

2) PRINT

Preview

1) The additive method produces the desired color by taking primary colored lights and mixing them in specific ratios. 2) The subtractive method starts with white light—that is, all the colors in the spectrum—and filters out (subtracts) certain colors to produce the desired color.

Fixed Lens

Main Shoots

Lead Actors

This term is used to describe the main characters in a film. It generally refers to characters who speak. Principals are distinct from protagonists and have larger roles than extras.

1) A copy of another film segment, typically made using contact printing. 2) As a verb, to make a print.

Print

Copy

To achieve a different perspective or make a minor change in the scene, reshooting only a portion of a shot that has already been completed, rather than reshooting the entire shot.

Please translate

Film used by the lab to make prints. It generally has a longer reel than camera stock, so it can be properly sandwiched with camera stock in the printing machine. It is also much slower than camera stock (approximately 12 ASA), since light is not an issue during the printing process.

Printer, Matipo, Printer

Print Light, Ankoş

This refers to the sound being synchronized 26 frames ahead of the image; it corresponds to the distance between the projector’s sound reader and the door.

A specially constructed replica of a vehicle (car, train car, etc.) with a front and sides that can be opened, allowing the interior to be viewed. Used for process shots (PROCESS SHOT).

A method used for shots of moving trains, cars, and airplanes. While a pre-filmed background (BACKGROUND) is projected onto a screen, actors seated inside the “process body” (PROCESS BODY) in front of it perform their roles. See BACK PROJECTION, REAR PROJECTION.

A term referring to the processes of developing (DEVELOPING) and printing (PRINTING) a film.

Ideally, the person who is the first to join a project and the last to leave it. The producer’s role is to find a project and develop it, hire the screenwriter(s) to write the screenplay, hire the director, actors, and others, secure funding, and plan the production. They may also be involved in the film’s distribution and exhibition. Some directors and actors who bring their own projects to life also take on the role of producer. See HYPHENATE.

1) A film or television show currently in production. 2) The period during which the filming of a movie or television show takes place.

A member of the production team who is in the apprenticeship phase. Their role is to perform small but necessary tasks for the producer (PRODUCER), director (DIRECTOR), production manager (PRODUCTION MANAGER), and production office coordinator (PRODUCTION OFFICE COORDINATOR).

A member of the production team whose primary responsibility is to record the expenses and costs of a production on a day-to-day basis. Reports directly to the production manager and the investor group.

See.

This term refers to the overall visual appearance and design of a film. The production designer is responsible for creating all of these elements with the assistance of the art department.

A title of honor bestowed by the producer upon the art director. In big-budget productions, one or more art directors work under the supervision of the production designer.

See: Unit Production Manager.

The sound engineer responsible for capturing the best possible sound recording during filming on set.

In a film or television show, a musical number is a sequence featuring music, dance, and singing. It is a small-scale production within the larger production. Musical numbers typically feature special sets and costumes. They are usually directed by a separate director.

A member of the production team who reports directly to the production manager (PRODUCTION MANAGER). During production, this person serves as a liaison between the production office and all other departments.

A daily report written each day that contains all kinds of information about that day’s or night’s shoot. Writing this report is the responsibility of the Key Second Assistant Director (KEY SECOND A.D.). After copies of the report are approved by the production manager (PRODUCTION MANAGER), they are submitted to the producer (PRODUCER), the director (DIRECTOR), the production auditor (PRODUCTION AUDITOR), the studio (STUDIO) if the production is being carried out on behalf of a studio, and to other parties involved in the production’s daily expenses. The report includes the following information: scenes shot, script pages filmed, raw film footage used, any over- or under-spending compared to the budget for these scenes and the reasons why, and the crew members and actors who worked that day.

This is a term used to distinguish between the sync audio recorded during filming and the raw audio or room audio. In sound editing, it is used to differentiate between the audio from the shoot and the added background sounds and effects.

A planning schedule used by the production manager (PRODUCTION MANAGER) and the first assistant director to precisely determine how long a film’s shoot will take and who will be present during which scenes. Each scene in the screenplay is written on a separate strip based on whether it is an interior, exterior, day, or night scene. These strips are arranged in a sequence designed to ensure the project is shot in the most efficient and economical manner and are attached to a board consisting of several sections.

In a film, a high-quality combination of elements such as production design, sets, costumes, lighting, and sound recording adds value to the film without incurring additional costs. The film achieves high production value without the need to spend a fortune.

1) A person’s ability to project their voice over a long distance. 2) Projecting a film through a projector and using its light to magnify the images and project them onto a screen. 3) Estimating a film’s box office and market revenue. See: REAR SCREEN PROJECTION, BLUE SCREEN PROJECTION

A small room located at the back of a movie theater that houses the projector, from which the film is projected onto the screen.

See: Optical Printer.

The time lag between the sound on the sound track and the corresponding frame: the sound is 20 frames ahead on 35 mm film and 26 frames ahead on 16 mm film.

The person who operates the projector.

A device that projects images from a film onto a screen. When the projection rate reaches 24 frames per second, the illusion of motion is created.

A short scene, prologue, or monologue that typically precedes the main story of a film. It usually provides information to help viewers better understand the context and is the opposite of an epilogue.

Any kind of movable prop used in a specific scene of a film. Items such as a prop gun fired by an actor, a rifle hanging on the wall, or a sword are examples of set dressing (SET DRESSING).

A member of the construction crew (such as a carpenter) responsible for making the necessary props for a film. This role should not be confused with that of a prop master.

The person responsible for the maintenance, protection, and placement of all props on a set.

2) Any idea, novel, short story, article, screenplay, etc., that forms the basis of a motion picture.

Props List

A character who drives the story forward. This character is also the central force of the story.

See also: CRI, Interpositive, Master Positive.

Advertiser

Advertising Photography, Lobby

A wide shot is a shot taken from a physical distance from the subject. It helps establish the full context of the scene. It is the opposite of a push-in.

This is a transfer of slowed-down audio from a film frame rate of 24 frames per second to a video frame rate of 29.97 frames per second, which is equivalent to 23.98 frames per second. This must be done to synchronize the sync audio with the video image when transferring it to the video.

Clear Transition

Film is a type of processing that is applied for a shorter period than usual, typically to compensate for intentional overexposure.

This term can be a bit confusing because it has three different meanings related to sound.

Pullback

It is part of a camera movement that advances from the exposed frame to the next unexposed frame.

A small 500-watt lamp that can be used to collect points.

Forcing, Coercion

A camera move is a shot in which the camera physically moves toward the subject. It provides a closer look for more detail. It is the opposite of a pull back.

Push Processing - A special type of processing in which film is processed for a longer-than-normal period, typically to compensate for an intentionally underexposed image. Only full rolls can be pushed; individual shots cannot. It is important to remember that pushing film will add some contrast and grain.